Imagine a captivating substance that can provide an intense sense of euphoria, seemingly endless energy, and heightened alertness within minutes. Now, picture that same substance holding the power to derail lives, devastate families, and contribute to a cycle of addiction that’s challenging to break.

This is the world of cocaine, a drug that, despite its allure, carries a heavy toll on both individual and societal levels. In this article, we delve into the multifaceted nature of cocaine abuse, exploring its origins, the stark reality of addiction, and the profound dangers of mixing it with other substances.

As we unravel the statistics and reasons behind its use, we aim to provide a comprehensive informational resource that not only educates but also underscores the critical importance of understanding cocaine’s impact.

What is Cocaine? #

Cocaine is a potent stimulant that affects the central nervous system (CNS) and serves as a local anesthetic. It originates from the coca plant, endemic to South America, and belongs to the class of tropane alkaloids. The substance is notorious for its euphoric effects, which contribute to its recreational use, often illicitly. Despite its notoriety, cocaine has applications in traditional Indigenous South American medicine and, to a limited extent, in contemporary medical practices¹.

There are various forms of cocaine, with cocaine hydrochloride being the most common, appearing as a fine, white powder. This form can be consumed in multiple ways: snorted, dissolved and injected, or applied topically to mucous membranes. Another form is crack cocaine, which comes in a rock crystal format and is typically smoked.

Cocaine’s euphoric effects are short-lived and can lead to severe psychological and physical dependency. Its addictive nature is due to its intense stimulation of the brain’s reward pathways, leading to increased levels of dopamine—a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward.

Despite its potential for addiction, cocaine is categorized as a Schedule II drug in the United States, denoting its high abuse potential alongside certain accepted medical applications. In medical settings, it’s occasionally used as a local anesthetic, particularly in ophthalmological and otolaryngological surgeries, or as a diagnostic tool in some cases.

However, the illicit use of cocaine carries significant health risks, including cardiovascular problems, neurological effects, and the potential for overdose. Its impact on public health, legal implications, and societal costs are substantial, fueling ongoing debates about drug policy and approaches to addiction treatment.

 

 

 

Short-Term Effects of Cocaine Use #

Cocaine’s effects manifest almost immediately after use and can last from a few minutes to an hour. Users typically experience a sense of euphoria, increased energy, alertness, and hypersensitivity to sensory stimuli. Cocaine can also reduce the need for food and sleep. The intensity and duration of the high depend on the method of administration; snorting results in a slower onset but longer-lasting effects, while smoking leads to a more immediate but shorter-lived high².

Physiologically, short-term use of cocaine can lead to constricted blood vessels, dilated pupils, and increased body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. Higher doses may cause erratic and violent behavior, restlessness, irritability, anxiety, panic, paranoia, tremors, vertigo, and muscle twitches. Severe complications can include cardiovascular issues, neurological effects like seizures and strokes, and gastrointestinal problems².

• • 🌟 Cocaine’s effects start immediately after use and fade within minutes to an hour.
  • 🎉 Users feel euphoric, energetic, talkative, mentally alert, and hypersensitive to sensory inputs.
  • 🍽️ Cocaine can reduce the need for food and sleep.
  • ⏱️ The high’s duration varies with the method of use—snorting lasts longer than smoking.
  • ❤️ Physiological effects include increased heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature.
  • 🧠 Large doses can cause erratic behavior, anxiety, panic, and paranoia.
  • ✨ Users may experience physical symptoms like tremors, vertigo, and muscle twitches.
  • 🚑 Severe complications include cardiovascular, neurological, and gastrointestinal issues.
  • ☠️ Rarely, sudden death can occur, especially with combined use of alcohol or heroin.
  • 🍸 Mixing cocaine with alcohol creates a dangerous substance that increases heart toxicity.
  • 💉 Combining cocaine with heroin is hazardous due to the risk of heroin overdose when cocaine’s effects wear off.

Long-Term Effects of Cocaine Use #

Chronic use of cocaine can lead to a range of long-term effects, including addiction, which is characterized by changes in brain structure and function. This can result in intense drug-seeking behaviors and cravings. Long-term effects also include an increased risk of stroke, heart attack, cardiac arrhythmia, lung injury (when smoked), and sudden cardiac death. Cocaine use can also lead to infectious diseases like HIV and hepatitis when injected using shared needles³.

Cocaine can be adulterated with other substances, which can add to its toxicity. The combination of cocaine with other drugs, such as alcohol or heroin, can be particularly dangerous, leading to additional risks like cocaethylene toxicity or heroin overdose.

In summary, cocaine is a highly addictive stimulant with significant euphoric effects and a range of potential short-term and long-term adverse reactions. Its use is associated with serious health risks and societal issues, including addiction and overdose deaths⁵.

How Is Cocaine Used? #

Cocaine is used in various ways, each with distinct effects and risks. Here’s a comprehensive list of the methods by which cocaine is administered:

• • Snorting (Intranasal Use): This involves inhaling cocaine powder through the nostrils, where it is absorbed into the bloodstream through nasal tissues. Snorting is one of the most common methods of cocaine use. The effects of snorting cocaine can last from 15 to 30 minutes, and while the onset of effects is slower compared to smoking or injecting, it remains a popular method due to its ease and the avoidance of needle use4.
  • Oral Use: Cocaine can also be rubbed onto the gums. This method is less common and results in a slower absorption rate compared to other methods of use.
  • Intravenous Use (Injecting): Dissolving cocaine in water and injecting it directly into the bloodstream produces an immediate and intense high. This method significantly heightens the intensity of cocaine’s effects, with effects starting within 15 to 30 seconds and lasting 20 to 60 minutes. However, it carries a high risk of infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis due to needle sharing.
  • Inhalation (Smoking): Smoking cocaine involves inhaling its vapor or smoke into the lungs, where it is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream. This method includes smoking crack cocaine, a processed form of cocaine that provides a quick, intense high. The effects of smoking cocaine start right away, are very intense, and last 5 to 10 minutes. Smoking cocaine is associated with a unique respiratory syndrome and other severe health risks.
  • Mixing with Heroin (Speedballing): Some users mix cocaine with heroin and inject the combination, known as “speedballing.” This method combines the stimulant effects of cocaine with the depressant effects of heroin, creating a highly dangerous and potentially lethal combination⁴. 

Regardless of the method of use, cocaine is a powerful stimulant with a high potential for addiction and adverse health effects. These include cardiovascular problems, neurological issues such as seizures and strokes, and mental health problems like anxiety, paranoia, and addiction. The method of cocaine use can influence the intensity and duration of its effects, as well as the specific health risks associated with that method.

Addiction to Cocaine #

Cocaine addiction, also known as cocaine use disorder, is a serious condition characterized by an inability to control cocaine use despite negative consequences. It is a complex brain disorder influenced by various factors, including genetic, psychological, and environmental elements. Cocaine addiction can lead to severe physical, psychological, and social problems.

Understanding Cocaine Addiction #

Cocaine, often referred to as coke, is a highly addictive substance that induces euphoria and a numbing effect by blocking the brain’s ability to feel pain. The high from cocaine does not last long, typically only up to about half an hour, leading users to experience intense cravings and an increase in the amount they use. This cycle can disrupt daily functioning, including performance at work or school, and puts individuals at a high risk for severe health complications.

Causes and Risk Factors #

The development of an addiction to cocaine, like other substances, is believed to be the result of a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. Genetic predisposition plays a significant role; individuals with a first-degree relative who struggles with addiction are at a greater risk. Research suggests that children of addicts are eight times more likely to develop an addiction themselves.

Environmental factors also contribute to the risk of developing cocaine dependence. Life circumstances and exposure to certain social environments can influence an individual’s likelihood of using cocaine. Additionally, some people may unknowingly use cocaine as a way to self-medicate for symptoms of a mental disorder they are experiencing. Common co-occurring disorders with cocaine addiction include depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, conduct disorder, schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder.

The Impact on the Brain #

Both cocaine and crack cocaine can cause brain damage, even with only a few uses. Damage to brain structures can trigger addiction. Long-term changes to mood and mental health from cocaine abuse include auditory hallucinations, restlessness, paranoia, and psychosis. Cocaine damages the cardiovascular system, which can lead to chronic headaches, blood clots, stroke, seizures, and reduced levels of glucose metabolism in the brain. Cocaine abuse accelerates brain aging, doubling the rate of gray matter loss compared to non-users. This can lead to memory problems, changes in cognitive ability, and even dementia.

 

Social Influences #

Social learning theories suggest that drug use is influenced by the behavior of peers. Studies have shown that cocaine self-administration can be facilitated or inhibited by social contact, indicating that the presence and behavior of a social partner can influence cocaine intake⁹

.Cocaine addiction is a multifaceted issue that requires a comprehensive understanding of its causes, effects, and the profound impact it has on individuals and society. By recognizing the signs and symptoms of cocaine abuse and understanding the underlying factors, individuals and their loved ones can take the first step toward recovery and building a strong foundation for lasting sobriety.

 

Signs of Cocaine Abuse #

Recognizing the signs and symptoms of cocaine addiction is crucial for early intervention and treatment. Here are some of the most common indicators:

• Intense Cravings: A strong desire or urge to use cocaine, often to the exclusion of other activities or responsibilities.
• Loss of Control: Inability to limit the amount of cocaine used or the frequency of use.
• Tolerance: Needing more cocaine to achieve the same high, leading to increased use over time.
• Withdrawal Symptoms: Experiencing unpleasant physical or psychological effects when not using cocaine, such as fatigue, increased appetite, insomnia, agitation, or depression.
• Continued Use Despite Negative Consequences: Using cocaine even when it causes problems with health, work, school, relationships, or the law.
• Neglect of Activities: Giving up important social, occupational, or recreational activities because of cocaine use.
• Risky Behavior: Engaging in dangerous behaviors while under the influence or to obtain cocaine, such as driving while intoxicated or unsafe sexual practices.
• Financial Issues: Spending excessive amounts of money on cocaine, leads to financial strain or debt.
• Physical Symptoms: Nosebleeds, runny nose, nasal damage (from snorting), track marks (from injecting), respiratory issues (from smoking), or unexplained weight loss.
• Psychological Changes: Increased irritability, agitation, paranoia, or the appearance of psychotic symptoms with heavy or prolonged use.

It’s important to note that addiction can manifest differently in individuals, and not all users will exhibit all these signs and symptoms. However, the presence of several of these indicators often points to a serious issue that requires professional attention.

Cocaine addiction is treatable, and a variety of approaches are available, including behavioral therapies, support groups, and, in some cases, medications to manage withdrawal symptoms or co-occurring mental health conditions. Early detection and intervention can significantly improve the chances of successful recovery.

What’s the Difference Between Crack and Cocaine? #

Cocaine and crack are both derived from the coca plant and are powerful stimulants affecting the central nervous system, but they differ in form, method of use, effects, and legal status.

Form and Preparation #

Cocaine is typically found as a white powder known as cocaine hydrochloride. This form is created by processing the leaves of the coca plant and extracting the cocaine, which is then purified and turned into powder.

Crack cocaine, on the other hand, is a solid form of cocaine that comes in off-white rocks. It is produced by mixing cocaine powder with baking soda and water, then heating the mixture to remove the hydrochloride. This process results in a more concentrated form of cocaine that is referred to as “freebase” cocaine.

Method of Use #

Cocaine powder can be snorted, dissolved in water injected, or rubbed onto the gums. These methods allow for the drug to be absorbed through the nasal tissues or directly into the bloodstream.

Crack is typically smoked, which allows for rapid absorption of the drug into the bloodstream through the lungs. This method of use produces an immediate and intense high, which is shorter in duration compared to the high from snorted or injected cocaine.

Effects #

The effects of snorted or injected cocaine are less intense but last longer, typically up to an hour. Users experience increased energy, alertness, and euphoria¹⁰.

Smoking crack produces a very quick, intense high that wears off almost as quickly as it comes on, usually within a few minutes. This rapid onset and short duration of effects can lead to a dangerous cycle of binge use as individuals seek to maintain the high.

Health Risks #

Both forms of cocaine can lead to addiction and have serious health risks, including cardiovascular and neurological damage. However, the method of use can exacerbate these risks. Smoking crack can cause severe lung damage while snorting cocaine can damage the nasal cavity. Injecting cocaine increases the risk of contracting infectious diseases.

In summary, while crack and cocaine are pharmacologically similar, they differ in their form, method of use, intensity, and duration of effects, and the social and legal consequences associated with their use. Both are highly addictive and pose significant health risks to users.

 

What are the most common reasons people abuse cocaine? #

Cocaine abuse is driven by a complex interplay of factors that vary among individuals. However, several common reasons have been identified that contribute to why people may start or continue using cocaine. Understanding these reasons is crucial for addressing cocaine abuse and developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Pursuit of Euphoria and Increased Energy #

• Euphoria: Cocaine is a powerful central nervous system stimulant that produces feelings of extreme happiness and euphoria. Many users are initially drawn to cocaine for its ability to induce intense pleasure.
• Increased Energy and Alertness: Cocaine use leads to increased energy, mental alertness, and a heightened sense of awareness. These effects make the drug appealing to individuals seeking to enhance their performance or endure long periods of work or social activity.

Social and Peer Pressure #

• Social Integration: In some social circles or environments, cocaine use may be normalized or even glamorized. Individuals may start using cocaine to fit in or feel accepted within these groups.
• Peer Pressure: Peer influence is a significant factor, especially among adolescents and young adults. The desire to be part of a group or to avoid feeling left out can lead to initial experimentation with cocaine.

Self-Medication for Mental Health Issues #

• Coping Mechanism: Individuals suffering from depression, anxiety, or other mental health disorders may turn to cocaine as a form of self-medication, seeking temporary relief from their symptoms.
• Stress Relief: Cocaine use is sometimes an attempt to manage stress, providing a temporary escape from personal or professional pressures.

Curiosity and Experimentation #

• Experimentation: The desire to experience something new or the influence of media portrayal of drug use can lead individuals to experiment with cocaine.
• Curiosity: Natural curiosity about the effects of cocaine or drug use in general can lead to initial use, particularly among younger individuals.

Weight Loss #

• Appetite Suppression: Cocaine has appetite-suppressing properties, and some individuals may abuse the drug as a means to lose weight or maintain a certain body image.

Performance Enhancement #

• Athletic or Cognitive Enhancement: Some users believe that cocaine can enhance physical or cognitive performance, leading to its use among athletes or professionals in high-pressure environments.

It’s important to note that these reasons do not justify or minimize the risks associated with cocaine use, which can lead to addiction, health problems, and other serious consequences. Understanding the motivations behind cocaine abuse can help in the development of targeted interventions and support systems to assist individuals in overcoming substance use disorders.

What are the Dangers of Mixing Cocaine with Other Drugs? #

Mixing cocaine with other drugs, also known as polydrug use, significantly increases the risks of adverse health effects, including overdose and death. Here are some of the dangers associated with combining cocaine with other substances:

Alcohol #

• Cocaethylene: When cocaine and alcohol are consumed together, they produce a third substance called cocaethylene, which can be more toxic than either drug alone. Cocaethylene has a longer duration of action in the brain and is associated with a significantly greater risk of sudden death than cocaine alone.
• Increased Impairment: The combination of cocaine’s stimulant effects with alcohol’s depressant effects can lead to increased risk-taking behaviors and impaired judgment.

Opioids (e.g., Heroin) #

• Speedballing: Mixing cocaine with heroin, known as speedballing, is particularly dangerous because the stimulant (cocaine) and depressant (heroin) effects can mask the signs of an overdose. This can lead to users taking more of one or both drugs than they can handle, increasing the risk of respiratory failure, overdose, and death.

Benzodiazepines #

• Overdose Risk: Combining cocaine with benzodiazepines can lead to an increased risk of overdose because the effects of the stimulant (cocaine) may lead users to consume higher doses of the depressant (benzodiazepines), potentially resulting in severe respiratory depression.

Amphetamines #

• Cardiovascular Stress: Mixing cocaine with other stimulants like amphetamines can put extreme stress on the heart and cardiovascular system, increasing the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular events.

MDMA (Ecstasy) #

• Serotonin Syndrome: Both cocaine and MDMA increase serotonin levels in the brain. When taken together, they can lead to a potentially life-threatening condition called serotonin syndrome, characterized by high body temperature, agitation, increased reflexes, sweating, dilated pupils, and diarrhea.

Cannabis #

• Unpredictable Effects: While some users report that combining cocaine with cannabis can moderate certain negative effects of cocaine, such as anxiety and agitation, the combination can also lead to unpredictable and potentially dangerous effects on the cardiovascular system.

Prescription Stimulants (e.g., ADHD Medications) #

• Exacerbated Effects: Prescription stimulants have effects similar to cocaine. When combined, they can exacerbate the impact on the heart and nervous system, leading to increased risks of adverse cardiovascular events.

It is important to note that mixing drugs can lead to complex interactions that are not always predictable and can vary greatly between individuals. The dangers of polydrug use are compounded by factors such as the user’s overall health, the purity of the drugs, and the presence of any underlying medical conditions. Health professionals strongly advise against the use of cocaine, both on its own and in combination with other substances, due to the high risk of serious health consequences.

 

Cocaine Withdrawal Symptoms #

Cocaine withdrawal is a significant challenge for individuals attempting to quit the drug, marked by a series of physical and psychological symptoms that can vary in intensity and duration. Unlike withdrawal from some other substances, such as opioids or alcohol, cocaine withdrawal primarily involves emotional and cognitive symptoms rather than severe physical symptoms. However, this does not make the process any less difficult for those going through it.

Symptoms of Cocaine Withdrawal #

Cocaine withdrawal symptoms can begin within hours to days after the last use, depending on the frequency and amount of use. Key symptoms include:

• Cravings: Intense desire for more cocaine is one of the most challenging aspects of withdrawal, often leading to relapse.
• Fatigue: Individuals may experience extreme tiredness and lethargy, contrasting sharply with the energy boost provided by cocaine.
• Increased Appetite: Many people see a significant increase in appetite and may gain weight during withdrawal.
• Agitation and Restlessness: Feelings of discomfort and unease are common.
• Depressed Mood: Depression is a significant withdrawal symptom, with some individuals experiencing severe episodes.
• Anxiety: Withdrawal can lead to feelings of anxiety and nervousness.
• Sleep Disturbances: This includes both insomnia and oversleeping, along with unpleasant and vivid dreams.
• Cognitive Impairments: Difficulty concentrating and slowed thinking may occur during withdrawal.
• Suicidal Thoughts: In severe cases, individuals may experience thoughts of suicide.

Duration of Withdrawal #

The timeline for cocaine withdrawal can vary. Acute symptoms typically peak within the first 1-2 weeks after cessation but can persist for months due to the psychological dependence on the drug. The initial intense cravings and depression gradually lessen over time, but some individuals may experience long-term withdrawal symptoms, known as post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS), which can include mood swings and ongoing cravings.

Managing Cocaine Withdrawal #

There are currently no FDA-approved medications specifically for treating cocaine withdrawal. However, treatment strategies often involve supportive care and may include:

• Behavioral Therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of counseling can help individuals develop coping strategies to manage cravings and avoid relapse.
• Medication: While no medications are specifically approved for cocaine withdrawal, some drugs may be prescribed to manage specific symptoms, such as antidepressants for depression or sleep aids for insomnia.
• Support Groups: Participation in support groups like Cocaine Anonymous can provide emotional support and encouragement from others who have gone through similar experiences.
• Inpatient or Outpatient Treatment Programs: Depending on the severity of the addiction, individuals may benefit from structured treatment programs that offer a combination of therapy, support, and medical care.

Cocaine withdrawal is a challenging but crucial step toward recovery. With the right support and treatment, individuals can navigate the withdrawal process and work towards a cocaine-free life.

 

 

 

Cocaine Addiction Treatment and Supportive Therapies #

Cocaine addiction is a multifaceted disorder that requires a comprehensive treatment approach. While there are no medications currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) specifically for cocaine addiction, a combination of behavioral therapies and supportive measures has shown effectiveness in helping individuals overcome their dependence on the drug.

Behavioral Interventions #

Behavioral therapies are at the forefront of treating cocaine addiction. These interventions are designed to modify the patient’s thinking, expectations, and behaviors while increasing skills to cope with various life stressors. One of the most successful behavioral treatments is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which helps patients recognize, avoid, and cope with situations likely to trigger drug use¹¹.

 

Supportive Medications #

Although no medications are approved to directly treat cocaine addiction, certain pharmaceuticals are used to treat symptoms associated with cocaine withdrawal and co-occurring disorders. For example, antidepressants may be prescribed to manage depression during the withdrawal phase, and medications like disulfiram (used to treat alcoholism) have shown promise in reducing cocaine use⁶.

Support Groups and Aftercare #

Support groups such as Narcotics Anonymous and Cocaine Anonymous, which follow the 12-step model, provide ongoing community support for individuals recovering from addiction. These groups offer a platform for sharing experiences and coping strategies, which can be particularly beneficial during the challenging post-treatment phase.

Residential and Outpatient Programs #

Treatment can occur in both residential and outpatient settings, depending on the severity of the addiction and the individual’s circumstances. Residential treatment programs offer a structured environment that may include various therapeutic modalities, while outpatient programs allow individuals to maintain their daily responsibilities while receiving treatment.

Tailored Treatment Plans #

Effective treatment for cocaine addiction often requires a personalized approach that addresses the unique needs of the individual. This may include vocational rehabilitation, couples counseling, or other specialized services to ensure a holistic recovery process.

Importance of Comprehensive Care #

The complexity of cocaine addiction means that successful treatment must address not only drug use but also related medical, psychological, social, vocational, and legal problems. A comprehensive treatment plan, often involving a combination of therapies and services, is crucial for long-term recovery and relapse prevention.

In conclusion, while the journey to overcome cocaine addiction is challenging, a combination of evidence-based therapies, supportive medications, and aftercare services can equip individuals with the tools necessary for a successful recovery.

 

FAQ: #

Q: What are the signs of cocaine addiction? #

A: Signs of cocaine addiction may include increased tolerance, withdrawal symptoms when not using the drug, neglecting responsibilities, and financial problems.

Q: What are the symptoms of cocaine addiction? #

A: Symptoms of cocaine addiction can range from mood swings, paranoia, insomnia, to physical effects like weight loss and heart problems.

Q: How is cocaine addiction treated? #

A: Cocaine addiction is typically treated through rehab programs that may include therapy, counseling, medication, and support groups.

Q: What are the long-term effects of cocaine use? #

A: Long-term cocaine use can lead to severe health issues such as heart complications, respiratory problems, neurological damage, and mental health disorders.

Q: Is cocaine addictive? #

A: Yes, cocaine is highly addictive due to its impact on the brain’s reward system, leading to compulsive drug-seeking behavior.

Q: What are the physical signs of cocaine addiction? #

A: Physical signs of cocaine addiction may include dilated pupils, nosebleeds, weight loss, track marks, and dental issues.

Q: What are effective treatment options for cocaine addiction? #

A: Effective treatment options for cocaine addiction may involve cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational incentives, and relapse prevention strategies.

Q: How does cocaine addiction relate to other drug abuse? #

A: Cocaine addiction may co-occur with the abuse of other substances, leading to complex treatment needs and potential polydrug dependencies.

References: #

1. Calatayud, J., & González, A. (2003). History of the development and evolution of local anesthesia since the coca leaf. Anesthesiology, 98(6), 1503-1508.

2. NIDA. 2021, June 13. What are the short-term effects of cocaine use?. Retrieved from https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/cocaine/what-are-short-term-effects-cocaine-use on 2024

3. NIDA. 2021, July 9. What are the long-term effects of cocaine use?. Retrieved from https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/cocaine/what-are-long-term-effects-cocaine-use on 2024

4. NIDA. 2021, October 5. How is cocaine used?. Retrieved from https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/cocaine/how-cocaine-used on 2024

5. Drent, M., Wijnen, P., & Bast, A. (2012). Interstitial lung damage due to cocaine abuse: pathogenesis, pharmacogenomics and therapy. Current Medical Chemistry, 19(33), 5607-5611.

6. NIDA. 2020, June 11. How is cocaine addiction treated?. Retrieved from https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/cocaine/what-treatments-are-effective-cocaine-abusers on 2024

7. MedlinePlus. (2023, January 2). Cocaine withdrawal: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000947.htm

8. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality (CBHSQ). (2015). Behavioral Health Trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; HHS Publication No. SMA 15-4927, NSDUH Series H-50.

9. Robinson, A. M., Lacy, R. T., Strickland, J. C., Magee, C. P., & Smith, M. A. (2016). The effects of social contact on cocaine intake under extended-access conditions in male rats. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 24(4), 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000078

10. KidsHealth. (2024, February 18). What are cocaine & crack? Retrieved from https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/drugs-cocaine.html